La necesidad de soporte a la población de Barcelona ante el impacto potencial de un incremento climático de la temperatura ambiente = The need for support to the population of Barcelona facing the potential impact of climate increment of ambient temperature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18002/pol.v0i24.843Palabras clave:
Barcelona, cambio climático, mortalidad, ola de calor, riesgos para la salud, sistema de vigilancia y aviso, temperatura, climate change, health risk, heatwave, mortality, temperature, watch/warning systemAgencias Financiadoras:
Grupo de Climatología 2009 SGR 443 (Generalitat de Catalunya). Proyecto CGL2011-29263-C02-01 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad)Resumen
El análisis estadístico de la mortalidad y las temperaturas diarias registradas en Barcelona y su ajuste mediante funciones polinómicas permite establecer la relación existente entre ambas variables y estimar los posibles efectos de un incremento climático de las temperaturas, limitado a uno o dos grados centígrados, que previsiblemente tendrá lugar antes de finalizar el presente siglo, si se cumplen los pronósticos anunciados en los recientes informes del IPCC. Los cálculos realizados ponen de manifiesto la relación entre las temperaturas y el número de fallecimientos y sugieren un futuro incremento de la mortalidad durante el verano y un descenso estimable a lo largo de las restantes estaciones, sobre todo en invierno y primavera. A pesar de que el previsible incremento de las temperaturas pueda acarrear un aumento del número de muertos durante los meses más calurosos del año inferior a los descensos calculados para los restantes meses, resulta totalmente necesario el establecimiento de sistemas eficaces de alerta, aviso y soporte a la población más sensible a las condiciones atmosféricas extremas. Tales sistemas, además de prever e informar ampliamente sobre la inminencia de episodios que comporten riesgos graves para la salud, deben contar con la colaboración de especialistas sanitarios preparados para ayudar a las personas carentes de medios que precisen una especial atención.
The statistical analysis of the mortality and the daily temperatures registered in Barcelona and his adjustment by means of polynomial functions allows to establish existing relation between both variables and to estimate the possible effects of a climatic increase of the temperatures, limited to one or two degrees centigrade that, predictably it will take place before finishing the present century, if they are fulfilled the prognoses announced in the recent reports of the IPCC. The realized calculations make clear the relation between the temperatures and the number of death and suggest a future increase of the mortality during the summer and an estimable descent along the remaining stations, especially in winter and spring. Although the foreseeable increase of the temperatures could transport an increase of the number of dead persons during the most warm months of the year lower than the descents calculated for the remaining months, there turns out to be completely necessary the establishment of effective systems of alert, notice and support to the population most sensitive to the atmospheric extreme conditions. Such systems must not limit to foreseeing and inform widely about the imminence of episodes that they should endure serious risks for the health, but be provided with the collaboration of sanitary specialists prepared to help the persons lacking in means to need a special attention.
Descargas
Métricas alternativas
Citas
ALLEN, M. R.; FRAMEC, D. J.; HUNTINGFORD, C.; JOPNES, C. D.; LOWE, J. A.; MEINSHAUSEN, M. et al. (2009): “Warning caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tone”. Nature, 458, 1163-1166.
ANDERSON, B. G.; BELL, M. L. (2009): “Weather-related mortality in the United States”. Epidemiology, 20(2), 205-213.
BACCINI, M.; BIGGERI, A.; ACCETTA, G.; KOSATSKY, T.; KATSOUYANNI, K.; ANALITIS, A. et al. (2008): “Heat effects on mortality in 15 European cities”. Epidemiology, 19(5), 711-719.
BALLESTER, F. (1996): “Meteorología y salud. La relación entre la temperatura ambiental y la mortalidad”. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 70, 251-259.
BARGAGLI, A.; MICHELOZZI, P.; MANUELA, D.; CHIERCHINI, P.; CASALI, V.; CERVELLI, S. et al. (2007): “Summer 2007 heat waves in Roma: results of the Prevention Programme based on General Practitioner Surveillance”. Epidemiology, 19(6 Suppl.).
BASU, R.; FENG, W. Y.; OSTRO, B. D. (2008): “Characterizing temperature and mortality in nine California counties”. Epidemiology, 19(1), 138-145.
BELL, M. L.; O'NEILL, M. S.; RANJIT, N.; BORJA-ABURTO, V. H.; CIKFUENTES, L. A.; GOUVEIA, N. C. (2008): “Vulnerability to heat-related mortality in Latin America: a case-crossover study in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile and Mexico City, Mexico”. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37, 796-804.
BERNARD, S. M.; MCGEEHIN, M. A. (2004): “Municipal heat wave response plans”. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9), 1520-1521.
BORRELL, C.; MARÍ-DELL'OLMO, M.; RODRÍGUEZ-SANZ, M.; GARCÍA-OLALLA, P.; CAYLÁ, J. A.; BENACH, J. et al. (2006): “Socioeconomic position and excess during the heat wave of 2003 in Barcelona”. European Journal of Epidemiology, 21, 633-640.
BRUNET, M.; CASADO, M. J.; DE CASTRO, M.; GALÁN, P.; LÓPEZ, J. A.; MARTÍN, J. M. et al. (2009): Generación de escenarios regionalizados de cambio climático para España Madrid: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, 158 pp.
CALBÓ, J.; SÁNCHEZ-LORENZO, A.; CUNILLERA; J.; BARRERA, A. (2010): “Projeccions i escenaris de futur”. In J. E. LLEBOT (Ed.): Segon informe del canvi climàtic a Catalunya (pp. 183-239). Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya. Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
CAMPBELL-LENDRUM, D.; BERTOLLINI, R.; NEIRA, M.; McMICHAEL, A. (2009): “Health and climate change: a roadmap for applied research”. Lancet, 373, 1663-1665.
CARDER, M.; MCNAMEE, R.; BEVERLAND, I.; ELTON, R. A.; COHEN, G. R.; BOYD, J.; AGIUS, R. M. (2012): “The lagged effect of cold temperature and wind chill on cardiorespiratory mortality in Scotland”. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2005(62), 702-7010.
CONTI, S.; MELI, P.; MINELLI, G.; SLIMINI, R.; TOCCACELI, V.; VICHI, M. et al. (2005): “Epidemiologic study of mortality during the Summer 2003 heat wave in Italy”. Environment Research, 98, 390-399.
CURRIE, B. J.; JACUPS; S. P. (2003): “Intensity of Rainfall and Severity of Melioidosis, Australia”. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(12), 1531-1542.
CURRIERO, F. C.; HEINER, K. S.; SAMET, J. M.; ZEGER, S. L.; STRUG, L.; PATZ, J. A. (2002): “Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the Eastern United States”. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(1), 80-87.
CHAKUROVA, R.; IVANOV, L. (2005): “Extreme weather events in Bulgaria for the period 2001-03 and responses to address them”. In W. KIRCH, B. MENNE; R. BERTOLLINI (Eds.): Extreme weather events and public health responses (pp. 337-242). Dresden: Springer.
CHANGNON, S. A.; KUNKEL, K. E.; REINKE, B. C. (1996): “Impacts and responses to the 1995 heat wave: a call to action”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(7), 1497-1506.
DERBYSHIRE, S. W. (2006): Climate change and health. Lancet, 367, 1976.
DESSAI, S. (2002): “Heat stress and mortality in Lisbon Part I”. model construction and validation”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 47, 6-12.
DÍAZ, J.; LINARES, C.; GARCÍA-HERRERA, R. (2005): “Impacto de las temperaturas extremas en la salud pública: futuras actuaciones”. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 79, 145-147.
EBI, K. L.; EXUZIDES, K. A.; LAU, E.; KELSH, M. (2004): “Weather changes associated with hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases and stroke in California, 1983-1998”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 49, 48-58.
EUROWINTER GROUP (1997): “Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe”. Lancet, 349, 1341-1346.
FOUILLET, A.; REY, G.; LAURENT, F.; PAVILLON, G.; BELLEC, S.; GUJIHENNEUC, C. et al. (2006): “Excess mortality related to the august heat wave in France”. International Archive Occupational Environmental Health, 80, 16-24.
FRIEL, S.; DANGOUR, A. D.; GARNET, T.; LOCK, K.; CHALABI, Z.; ROBERTS, I. B. A. et al. (2009): “Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture”. Lancet, 374, 2016-2025.
GARCÍA-HERRERA, R.; DÍAZ, J.; TRIGO, R. M.; HERNÁNDEZ, E. (2005): “Extreme summer temperatures in Iberia: health impacts and associated synoptic conditions”. Annales Geophysicae, 23, 239-251.
GILL, M.; STOTT, R. (2009): “Health professionals must act to tackle climate change”. Lancet; 374, 1953-1955.
GOKLANY, I. M. (2009a): “Is the climate change the "Defining challenger of our age"?” Energy and Environment, 20(3), 279-302.
GOKLANY, I. M. (2009b): “Climate change is not the biggest global health threat”. Lancet, 374, 973-974.
GÓMEZ-ACEBO, I.; DIERSSEN-SOTOS, T.; LLORCA, J. (2010): “Effect of cold temperatures on mortality in Cantabria (Northern Spain): A case-crossover study”. Public Health, 124, 398-403.
HAINES, A.; McMICHAEL, A. J.; ROBERTS, I.; WOODCOCK, J.; MARKANDYA, A.; ARMSTRONG, B. G.; CAMPBELL-LENDRUM, D.; DANGOUR, A. D.; DAVIES, M.; TONNE, C.; BARRET, M.; WILKINSON, P. (2009): “Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: overview and implications for policy makers”. Lancet, 374, 3104-2114.
HAJAT, S.; BIRD, W.; HAINES, A. (2004): “Cold weather and GP consultations for respiratory conditions by elderly people in 16 locations in the UK”. European Journal of Epidemiology; 19, 959-968.
HALES, S.; EDWARDS, S. J.; KOVATS, R. S. (2003): “Impacts on health of climate extremes”. In A. J. McMICHAEL, D. H. CHAMPBELL-LENDRUM; C. F. CORVALAN; K. L. EBI; A. GITHEKO; J. D. SCHERAGA; A. WOODWARD (Eds.): Climate change and human health (pp. 79-102). Geneva, World Health Organization.
HORTON, R. (2009): “The climate dividend”. Lancet, 374, 1819-1870.
KAISER, R.; RUBIN, C.; HENDERSON, A.; ALDEN, K.; WOLFE, M.; KIESZAK, S.; PARROT, C.; ADCOCK, M. (2001): “Heat-related death and mental illness during the 1999 Cincinnati heat wave”. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 22(3), 303-307.
KALKSTEIN, L. S. (1993): “Health and climate change. Direct impacts in cities”. Lancet, 342, 1397-1399.
KALKSTEIN, L. S.; JAMASON, P. F.; GREENE, J. S.; LIBBY, J.; ROBINSON, L. (1996): “The Philadelphia hot weather-health watch/warning system: development and application, summer 1995”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(7), 1519-1528.
KALKSTEIN, L. S.; VALIMONT, K. M. (1986): “An evaluation of Summer Discomfort in the United States Using a Relative Climatological Index”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67, 842-848.
KARL, T. R.; KNIGHT, R. W. (1997): “The 1995 Chicago heat wave: how likely is a recurrence?” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78(6), 1107-1119.
KATSOUYANNI, K.; TRICHOPOULOS, D.; ZAVITSANOS, X.; TOULOMI, G. (1988): “The 1987 Athens Heatwave”. Lancet, 332(8610), 573.
KEATINGE, W. R.; DONALDSON, G. C. (2004): “Winter mortality in elderly people in Britain”. British Medical Journal, 329, 976.
KEATINGE, W. R.; DONALDSON, G. C.; CORDIOLI, E.; MARTINELLI, M.; KUNST, A. E.; MACKENBACH, J. P.; NAYHA, S.; VUORI, I. (2000): “Heat related mortality in warm and cold regions of Europe: observational study”. British Medical Journal, 321, 670-673.
KELLERMANN, A. L.; TODD, K. H. (1996): “Killing Heat”. The New England Journal of Medicine, 335(2), 126-127.
KLONER, R. A.; POOLE, K.; PERRITT, R. L. (1999): “When throughout the year Is coronary death most Likely to Occur?”. Circulation, 100, 1630-1634.
KOVATS, R. S.; JENDRITZKY, G. (2006): “Heat-waves and human health”. In B. MENNE; K. L. EBI (Eds.): Climate change and adaptation strategies for human health (pp. 63-97). Darmstadt: Springer.
KUMAR, S. (1998): “India's heatwave and rains result in massive death toll”. Lancet, 351, 1869-1869.
KUNKEL, K. E.; CHANGNON, S. A.; REINKE, B.; ARRITT, R. W. (1996): “The July 1995 heat wave in the Midwest: a climatic perspective and critical weather factors”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(7), 1507-1518.
LIM, V.; STUBBS, J. W.; NAHAR, N.; AMARASENA, N.; CHASUDRY, Z. U.; MAYOSI, B.; VAN DER SPUY, Z.; LIANG, R.; NENG, K.; METZ, G.; CLARK. G.; WILLIAMS, B.; DOUGLAS, N.; DONOHOE, J.; DANRCHAIVIJIR, S.; COKER. P.; GILMORE, I. (2009): “Politicians must heed health effects of climate change”. Lancet, 374, 973.
LINARES, C.; DÍAZ, J. (2007): “Impact of high temperatures on hospital admissions comparative analysis with previous studies about mortality (Madrid)”. European Journal of Public Health, 18(3), 317-322.
MAKIE, T.; HARADA, M.; KINUKAWA, N.; TOYOSHIBA, H.; YAMANAKA, T.; NAKAMURA, T.; SAKAMOTO, M.; NOSE, Y. (2002): “Association of meteorological and day-of-the-week factors with emergency hospital admissions in Fukuoka”, Japan. International Journal of Biometeorology, 46, 38-41.
MARKANDYA, A.; ARMSTRONG, B. G.; HALES, S.; CHIABAI, A.; CRIQUI, P.; MIMA, S.; TONNE, C.; WILKINSON, P. (2009): “Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: low-carbon electricity generation”. Lancet, 374, 2006-2014.
MARTÍNEZ-NAVARRO, F.; SIMÓN-SORIA, F.; LÓPEZ ABENTE, G. (2004): “Valoración del impacto de la ola de calor del verano de 2003 sobre la mortalidad”. Gaceta Sanitaria, 18(supl 1), 250-258.
MCMICHAEL, A. J.; NEIRA, M.; BERTOLLINI, R.; CAMPBLL-LENDRUM, D.; HALES, S. (2009): “Climate change: a time of need and opportunity for the health sector”. Lancet, 374, 2123-2125.
MCMICHAEL, A. J.; NEIRA, M.; HEYMANN, D. L. (2008a): “World Health Assembly 2008: climate change and health”. Lancet, 371, 1895-1896.
MCMICHAEL, A. J.; POWLES, J. W.; BUTLER, C. B.; UAUY, R. (2007): “Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health”. Lancet, 370(6), 1253-1263.
MCMICHAEL, A. J.; WILKINSON, P.; KOVATS, R. S.; PATTENDEN, S.; HAJAT, S.; ARMSTRONG, B.; VAJANAPOOM, N.; NICIU, E. M.; MOHOMED, N.; KINGKEOW, C.; KOSNIK, M.; O'NEILL, M. S.; ROMIEU, I.; RAMÍREZ-AGUILAR, M.; BARRETO, M. L.; GOUVEIA, N.; NIKIFOROV, B. (2008b): “International study of temperature, heat and urban mortality: the 'ISOTHURM' project”. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37, 1121-1131.
MCMICHAEL, A. J.; WOODRUFF, R. E.; HALES, S. (2006): “Climate change and human health: present and future risks”. Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869.
MEDINA-RAMÓN, M.; SCHWARTZ, J. (2007): “Temperature, temperature extremes, and mortality: a study of acclimatization and effect modification in 50 US cities”. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64, 827-833.
MEINSHAUSEN, M.; MEINSHAUSEN, N.; HARE, W.; RAPER, S. C. B.; FRIELER, K.; KNUTTI, R. (2009): “Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warning to 2 ºC”. Nature, 458, 1158-1162.
MICHELOZZI, P.; DE DONATO, F. K.; BARGAGLI, A. M.; D'IPPOLITI, D.; DE SARIO, M.; MARINO, C.; SCHIFANO, P.; CAPPAI, G.; LEONE, M.; KIRCHMAYER, U.; VENTURA, M.; DI GENNARO, M.; LEONARDI, M.; OLEARI, F.; DE MARTINO, A.; PERUCCI, C. A. (2010): “Surveillance of summer mortality and preparedness to reduce the health impact of heat waves in Italy”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7, 2256-2273.
MIRON, I. J.; CRIADO, J. J.; DÍAZ, J.; LINARES, C.; MAYORAL, S.; MONTERO, J. C. (2008): “Time trends in minimum mortality temperatures in Castile-La Mancha (Central Spain): 1975-2003”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 291-299.
NAUGHTON, M. P.; HENDERSON, A.; MIRABELLI, M. C.; KAISER, R.; WILHELM, J. L.; KIESZAK, S. M. RUBIN, C. H.; MCGEEHIN, M. A. (2002): “Heat-related mortality during a 1999 heat wave in Chicago”. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(4), 221-227.
O'NEILL, M. S.; HAJAY, S.; ZANOBETTI, A.; RAMÍREZ, M.; SCHWARTZ, J. (2005): “Impact of control for air pollution and respiratory epidemics on the estimated associations of temperature and daily mortality”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 50, 121-129.
O'NEILL, M. S.; ZANOBETTI, A.; SCHWARTZ, J. (2003):” Modifiers of the temperature and mortality association in seven US cities”. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(12), 1074-1082.
PAJARES, M. S.; DÍAZ, J.; MONTERO, J. C.; ALBERDI, J. C.; MIRÓN, I. (1997): “Mortalidad diaria en la comunidad de Madrid (1986-1991) para el grupo de 45 a 64 años: su relación con la temperatura del aire”. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 71(2), 149-160.
PALECKI, M. A.; CHANGNON, S. A.; KUNKEL, K. E. (2002): “The nature and impacts of the july 1999 heat wave in the Midwestern United States: Learning from lessons of 1995”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society; 82(7), 1353-1367.
PAN, W. H.; LI, L.A.; TSAI, M. J. (1995): “Temperature extremes and mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction in elderly Chinese”. Lancet, 345(8946), 353-355.
PASCAL, M.; LAAIDI, K.; LEDRANS, M.; BAFFERT, E.; CASERIO-SCHÖNEMANN, C.; LE TERTRE, A.; MANACH, J.; MEDINA, S.; RUDANT, J.; EMPEREUR-BISSONNET, P. (2006): “France's heat health watch warning system”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 50, 144-153.
PATTENDEN, S.; NIKIFOROV; B.; ARMSTRONG, B. G. (2003): “Mortality and temperature in Sofia and London”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 628-633.
PEÑA, J. C.; RASO, J. M. (2008): “Sectorización territorial de los avisos de calor emitidos por el Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya. Aplicación de un análisis en componentes principales a la temperatura máxima diaria”. En J. SIGRÓ; M. BRUNET; E. AGUILAR (Eds.): Cambio climático regional y sus impactos. (pp. 401-412). Tarragona: Asociación Española de Climatología.
REN, C.; WILLIAMS, G. M.; MORAWSKA, L.; MENGERSEN, K.; TONG, S. (2008): “Ozone modifies associations between temperature and cardiovascular mortality: analysis of the MNMAPS data”. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 65, 255-260.
REN, C.; O'NEILL, M. S.; KYUN, P. S.; SPARROW, D.; VOKONAS, P.; SCHWARTZ, J. (2011): “Ambient temperature, air pollution, and heart rate variability in an aging population”. American Journal of Epidemiology, 173(9), 1013-1021.
ROBINE, J. M.; CHEUNG, S. L.; LE ROY, S.; VAN OYEN, H.; MICHEL, J. P.; HERRMANN, F. R. (2008): “Death toll exceeded 70.000 in Europe during the summer of 2003”. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 331, 171-178.
ROCKLÖV, J.; FORSBERG, B.; MEISTER, K. (2009): “Winter mortality modifies the heat-mortality association the following summer”. European Respiratory Journal, 33, 245-251.
ROONEY, C.; MCMICHAEL, J.; KOVATS, R. S.; COLEMAN, M. P. (1998): “Excess mortality in England and Wales, and in Greater London, during the 1995 heatwave”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52, 482-486.
SARTOR, F.; SNACKEN, R.; DEMUNTH, C.; WALCKIERS, D. (1995): “Temperature, ambient ozone levels, and mortality during summer, 1994, in Belgium”. Environmental Research, 70, 105-113.
SCHÄR, C.; JENDRITZKY, G. (2004): “Hot news from summer 2003”. Nature, 432(2), 559-560.
SEMENZA, J. C. (1996): “Deaths in the Chicago Heat Wave”. The New England Journal of Medicine, 335(24), 1848-1849.
SEMENZA, J. C.; MCCULLOUGH, J. E.; FLANDERS, W. D.; McGEEHIN, M. A.; LUMPKIN, J. R. (1999): “Excess hospital admissions during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago”. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 16(4), 269-277.
SEMENZA, J. C.; RUBIN, C. H.; FALTER, K. H.; SELANIKIO, J. D.; FLANDERS, W. D.; HOWE, H. L. (1996): “Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago”. The New England Journal of Medicine, 335(2), 84-90.
SHERIDAN, S. C.; KALKSTEIN, L. S. (2004): “Progress in heat watch-warning system technology”. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85(12), 1931-1941.
SMITH, K. R.; JERRET, M.; ANDERSON, H. R.; BURNETT, R. T.; STONE, V.; DERWENT, R. ATKINSON, R. W.; COHEN, A.; SHONKOFF, S. S.; KREWSKI, D.; POPE III, C. A.; THUN, H. J.;
STAFOGGIA, M.; FORASTIERE, F.; AGOSTINI, D.; BIGGERI, A.; BISANTI, L.; CADUM, E.; CARANCI, N.; DE'DONATO, F.; DE LISIO, S.; DE MARIA, M. (2006): “Vulnerability to heat-related mortality: a multicity, population-based; case-crossover analysis”. Epidemiology, 17(3), 315-323.
STEADMAN, R. G. (1979): “The assessment of sultriness. Part I: Temperature-humidity index based in human physiology and clothing science. Part II: Effects of wind, extra radiation and barometric pressure”. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 18, 861-885.
SUNYER, J. (2008). “Commentary: evaluating response to heat waves”. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37, 317-318.
TAN, J.; KALKSTEIN, L. S.; HUANG, J.; LIN, S.; YIN, H.; SHAO, D. (2004): “An operational heat/health warning system in Shanghai”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 48, 157-162.
TAN, J.; ZHENG, Y.; TANG, X.; GUO, C.; LI, L.; SONG, G.; ZHEN, X.; YUAN, D.; KALKSTEIN, A. J.; LI, F.; CHEN, H. (2010): “The urban heat island and its impact on heat waves and human health in Shanghai”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 54; 75-84.
THURSTON, G. (2009): “Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: health implications of short-lived greenhouse pollutants”. Lancet 374, 2091-2103.
TOBIAS, A.; GARCÍA DE OLALLA, P.; LINARES, C.; BLEDA, M. J.; CAYLÀ, J. A.; DÍAZ, J. (2010): “Short-term effects of extreme hot summer temperatures on total daily mortality in Barcelona, Spain”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 54, 115-117.
VAN ROSSUM, C. T. M.; SHIRPLEY, M. J.; HEMINGWAY, H.; GROBBE, D. E.; MACKENBACH, J. P.; MARMOT, M. G. (2001): “Seasonal variation in cause-specific mortality: Are there high-risk groups? 25-year follow-up of civil servants from the first Whitehall study”. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 1109-1116.
VANECKOVA, P.; BEGGS, P. J.; DE DEAR, R. J.; MCCRACKEN, K. W. (2008): “Effect of temperature on mortality during the six warmer months in Sidney, Australia, between 1993 and 2004”. Environment Research, 108, 361-369.
VIGOTTI, M. A.; MUGGEO, V. M. R. (2006): “The effect of birthplace on heat tolerance and mortality in Milan, Italy, 1980-1989”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 50, 335-341.
WHITMAN, S.; GOOD, G.; DONOGHUE, E. R.; BENBOW, N.; SHOU, W.; MOU, S. (1997): “Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heat wave”. American Journal of Public Health; 87(9), 1515-1518.
WILKINSON, P.; SMITH, K. R.; DAVIES, M.; ADAIR, H.; AMSTRONG, B. G.; BARRET, M.; BRUCE, N.; HAINES, A.; HAMILTON, I.; ORESZCZYN, T.; RIDLEY, I.; TONNE, C.; CHALABI, Z. (2009): “Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: household energy”. Lancet, 374, 1917-1929.
WILLIAMS, S.; NITSCHKE, M.; SULLIVAN, T.; TUCKER, G. R.; WEINSTEIN, P.; PISANIELLO, D. L.; PARTOIN, K. A.; BI, P. (2012): “Heat and health in Adelaide, South Australia: Assessment of heat thresholds and temperature relationships”. Science of Total Environment, 414, 126-133.
WOODCOK, J.; EDWARDS, P.; AMSTRONG, B. G.; ASHIRU, O.; BANISTER, D.; BEEVERS, S.; CHALABI, Z.; CHOWDHRY, Z.; COHEN, A.; FRENCO, O.; HAINES, A.; HICKMAN, R.; LINDSAY, G.; MITTAL, I.; MOHAN, D.; TIWARI, G.; WOODWARD, A.; ROBERTS, I.. (2009): “Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions urban land transport”. Lancet, 374, 1930-1943.
ZANOBETTI, A.; SCHWARTZ, J. (2008): “Temperature and mortality in nine US cities”. Epidemiology, 19(4), 563-570.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2015 Polígonos. Revista de Geografía
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores ceden de forma no exclusiva los derechos de explotación (reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública, transformación) a las Universidades de León, Salamanca y Valladolid, que lo pondrán a disposición pública en la página web de la revista (http://revpubli.unileon.es/ojs/index.php/poligonos/index) y en el repositorio propio Bulería (https://buleria.unileon.es/handle/10612/374)
- Los autores pueden establecer, por separado, acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, alojarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), comunicándolo al Equipo Editorial y con un reconocimiento explícito de su publicación inicial en Polígonos. Revista de Geografía.
- Este trabajo se encuentra bajo la Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Puede consultarse desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia.
- Los autores se compromentes a aceptar las sugerencias de los Evaluadores externos o del Equipo Editorial. En caso de discrepancia con las mismas, los autores deben justificar debidamente su propuesta.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir electrónicamente las versiones post-print (versión evaluada y aceptada para su publicación) de sus obras, ya que favorece su circulación y difusión y con ello un posible aumento en su citación y alcance entre la comunidad académica.
