Tornar-se um aikidoca: aculturação e essencialismo na prática do aikido
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v9i2.1442Palavras-chave:
Aikido, artes marciais, cultura, corpo, habitus, BourdieuResumo
Baseado num estudo etnográfico, realizado no Canadá entre 2002 e 2005, este artigo sustém que a participação do aikidoca no seio de uma comunidade específica de praticantes não é simplesmente um meio de adquirir conhecimentos marciais, mas também uma forma viável para a aculturação e apreender aspectos da identidade japonesa. Isto é possível graças à dimensão altamente corporal e encarnada da prática do aikido, que exige ao indivíduo desenvolver as disposições e estratégias necessárias para construir o habitus do aikido. Conseqüentemente, o caminho para se ser um aikidoca possibilita ao indivíduo encarnar potencialmente formas similares, mas também únicas, ou seja, as concepções do mundo a nível cultural e moral que esta arte procura representar em espaços interculturais e transnacionais.Downloads
Métricas alternativas
Referências
Abramson, C. M., & Modzelewski, D. (2011) Caged Morality: Moral Worlds, Subculture, and Stratification among Middle-Class Cage-Fighters. Qualitative Sociology, 34(1), 143-175
Alter, J. S. (1992). The Wrestler’s Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). Forms of Time and the Chronotope in the Novel. In The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (pp. 84-258). Austin: University of Texas.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). Forms of Capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research in Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Participant Objectivation. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 9(2), 281-294.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Brightman, R. (1995). Forget Culture: Replacement, Transcendence, Relexification. Cultural Anthropology. 10(4), 509-546.
Brownell, S. (1995). Training the Body for China: Sports in the Moral Order of the People’s Republic of China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Carruthers, A. (1998). Kung Fu Fighting: The Cultural Pedagogy of the Body in the Vovinam Overseas Vietnamese Martial Arts School. The Australian Journal of Anthropology. 9(1), 45-57.
Cohen, E. B. (2009). Survival, an Israeli Ju Jutsu school of martial arts: Violence, body, practice and the national. Ethnography. 10(2), 153-183.
Crossley, M. (1995). Merleau-Ponty, the Elusive Body and Carnal Sociology. Body and Society, 1(1), 43-63.
Csordas, T. J. (1990). Embodiment as a Paradigm for Anthropology. Ethnos, 18(1), 5-47.
Csordas, T. J. (Ed.) (1994). Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground for Culture and Self. Cambridge Studies in Medical Anthropology: Cambridge University Press.
Csordas, T. J. (2002). Body/Meaning/Healing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Donohue, J. J. (1991a). Forge of the Spirit. New York: Garland Publications.
Donohue, J. J. (1991b). The Dimensions of Discipleship: Organizational Paradigm, Mystical Transmission, Vested Interest and Identity in the Japanese Martial Arts. Ethnos, 56(1), 19-38.
Downey, G. (2007). Producing Pain: Techniques and Technologies in No-Holds-Barred Fighting. Social Studies of Science. 37(2), 201-226.
Draeger, D. F. (1996). The Martial Arts and Way of Japan: Modern Bujutsu and Budo (Vol. 3). New York and Tokyo: Weatherhill Inc.
Farnell, B. (1999). Moving Bodies, Acting Selves. Annual Review of Anthropology. 28, 341-373
Farrer, D. S., & Whalen-Bridge, J. (2011). Martial Arts as Embodied Knowledge: Asian Traditions in a Transnational World. Albany: SUNY Press.
Foster, R. (1991) Making National Cultures in the Global Ecumene. Annual Review of Anthropology. 20, 235-260
Foster, S. L. (1995). Corporealities: Dancing Knowledge, Culture and Power. London and New York: Routledge.
Friedman, H. (2005). Problems of Romanticism in Transpersonal Psychology: A Case Study of Aikido. The Humanistic Psychologist, 33(1), 3-24
Hannerz, U. (1998). Transnational Connections: People, Culture, Places. London and New York: Routledge.
Heiskanen, B. (2012). The Urban Geography of Boxing: Race, Class and Gender in the Ring. New York and London: Routledge.
Hitchcock, P. (2003). Imaginary States: Studies in Cultural Transnationalism. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois.
Howes, D. (2003). Sensual Relations: Engaging the Senses in Culture and Social Theory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Iwabuchi, K. (2002). Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. Durham: Duke University Press.
Jennings, G., Brown, D. & Sparkes, A. C. (2010). ‘It can be a religion if you want’: Wing Chung Kung Fu as a secular religion. Ethnography. 11(4), 533-557.
Jones, D. E. (Ed.) (2002). Combat Ritual, and Performance: Anthropology of the Martial Arts. Connecticut and London: Praeger.
Joseph, J. (2008) The Logical Paradox of the Cultural Commodity: Selling an “Authentic” Afro-Brazilian Martial Art in Canada. Sociology of Sport Journal, 25(4), 498-515
Joseph, J. (2012). The practice of capoeira: diasporic black culture in Canada. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(6), 1078-1095.
Kohn, T. (2001) Don’t Talk – Blend: Ideas about the Body and Communication in Aikido Practice. In J. Hendry & C. W. Watson (Eds.), An Anthropology of Indirect Communication (pp. 163-178). London and New York: Routledge.
Kohn, T. (2003) The Aikido Body: Expressions of Group Identities and Self-Discovery in Martial Arts Training. In N. Dyck & E. P. Archetti (Eds.), Sport, Dance and Embodied Identities (pp. 139-155). Oxford and New York: Berg.
Kohn, T. (2008). Creatively Sculpting the Self through the Discipline of Martial Arts Training. In N. Dyck (Ed.), Exploring Regimes of Discipline: The Dynamics of Restraint (pp. 99-112). New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Light, R., & Kirk, D. (2000). High School Rugby, the Body and the Reproduction of Hegemonic Masculinity. Sport, Education and Society. 5(2), 163-176.
Long, W. J. (2001). Aikido. In T. A. Green (Ed.), Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia. Vol. I (pp.12-15). California, Colorado and England: ABC-CLIO.
Mascia-Lees, F. E. (Ed.) (2011). A Companion to the Anthropology of the Body and Embodiment. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Murphy, M. (1993). The Future of the Body: Explorations into the Further Evolution of Human Nature. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher Inc.
Ooms, E.G. (1993). Women and Millenarian Protest in Meiji Japan: Deguchi Nao and Omotokyo. Cornell University East Asia Programme: University of Hawaii Press.
Omiya, S. (1998). The Hidden Roots of Aikido: Aiki Jujutsu Daitoryu. Tokyo, New York and London: Kodansha International.
Ortner, S. (1984). Theory in Anthropology since the Sixties. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26(1), 144-160
Sahlins, M. (1985). Islands of History. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Samimian-Darash, L. (2012). Rebuilding the body through violence and control. Ethnography. 14(1), 46-63.
Samudra, J. K. (2008). Memory in our body: Thick participation and the translation of kinesthetic experience. American Ethnologist. 35(4), 665-681.
Sanchez Garcia, R., & Spencer, D. C. (2013). Fighting Scholars: Carnal Ethnographies of Martial Arts and Combat Sports. London and New York: Anthem Press.
Spencer, D. C. (2009). Habit(us), Body Techniques and Body Callusing: An Ethnography of Mixed Martial Arts. Body & Society. 15(4), 119-143
Spencer, D. C. (2014). Sensing Violence: An ethnography of mixed martial arts. Ethnography. 15(2), 232-254.
Stevens, J. (1995). Three Budo Masters: Jigoro Kano, Gichin Funakoshi and Morihei Ueshiba. Tokyo, London and New York: Kodansha International.
Taussig, M. (1993). Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses. London and New York: Routledge.
Turner, B. S., & Wainwright, S. P. (2003). Corps de Ballet: the case of the injured ballet dancer. Sociology of Health and Illness. 25(4), 269-288.
Turner, B. S. (2006). Body. Theory, Culture and Society. 23(2-3), 223-236.
Turner, V. (1987). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. New York: Cornell University Press.
Van Mannen, J. (2011). Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wainwright, S. P., Williams, C., & Turner, B. S. (2006). Varieties of habitus and embodiment of ballet. Qualitative Research. 6(4), 535-558.
Wacquant, L. (2004). Body and Soul: Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer. USA: Oxford University Press.
Wacquant, L. (2005). Carnal Connections: On Embodiment, Apprenticeship, and Membership. Qualitative Sociology. 28(4), 445-474.
Wacquant, L. (2011). Habitus as Topic and Tool: Reflection on becoming a Prizefighter. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 8(1), 81-92.
Wacquant, L. (2013a). Homines in Extremis: What Fighting Scholars Teach Us about Habitus. Body & Society. 20(2), 3-17.
Wacquant, L. (2013b). Symbolic Power and group-making: On Pierre Bourdieu’s reframing of class. Journal of Classical Sociology. 13(2), 275-291.
Wacquant, L. (2014). For a Sociology of Flesh and Blood. Qualitative Sociology. Symposium, Fall: in press
Wade, L. (2011). The emancipatory promise of the Lindy hop, the body, and social change. Ethnography. 12(2), 224-246.
Wilson, L. (2009). Jurus, Jazz Riffs and the Constitution of a National Martial Art in Indonesia. Body and Society, 15(3), 93-119.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2014 Kevin Siah-Yeow Tan
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0.
Os autores que publicam nesta Revista estão de acordo com os seguintes termos:
- Os autores cedem, de forma exclusiva, os direitos de exploração (reprodução, distribuição, comunicação pública, transformação) à Universidade de Léon, podendo estabelecer, em separado, acordos adicionais para a distribuição não exclusiva da versão do artigo publicado na Revista (por exemplo: alojar no repertório institucional ou publicá-lo num livro), com o reconhecimento da publicação inicial nesta Revista.
- O trabalho encontra-se na Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. Pode-se consultar aqui o resumo e o texto legal da licença.
- Permite-se, e sugere-se, que os autores difundam electronicamente as versões pré-impressão (versão antes de ser avaliada) e pós-impressão (versão avaliada e aceite para publicação das suas obras antes da sua publicação), favorecendo a sua circulação e difusão, e com ela o possível aumento da sua citação e alcance pela comunidade académica.