Shin-gi-tai as a guiding principle in Kodokan judo. Yet, another example of historical reinvention?

David B. Waterhouse; Carl De Crée

doi:10.18002/rama.v20i1.2504

Autores

David B. Waterhouse Department of East Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto
Carl De Crée Ghent University http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9274-4319

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v20i1.2504

Palavras-chave:

Artes marciais, desportos de combate, judo, história do desporto, ética, bushido, Haku Michigami, Jigoro Kano, Kodokan

Entidades:

The authors received no funding for this work.

Resumo

Nos últimos anos, os órgãos governamentais nacionais do jūdō, através de slogans, cartazes, cartoons e informações em websites, tentaram reacender a apreciação dos seus membros por uma moralidade do jūdō construída no bushidō japonês. Da mesma forma, várias federações de jūdō promovem ativamente o ‘shin-gi-tai’ [mente-técnica-corpo] como um princípio orientador para promoções de classificação e conduta supostamente em associação com a filosofia de Kanō Jigorō. Recorrendo à tradução, análise crítica e heurística de fontes históricas japonesas originais relevantes, o objetivo deste artigo é investigar a origem, etimologia e justificação do shin-gi-tai como um princípio pré-existente no Kōdōkan jūdō. Os nossos resultados mostram que o shin-gi-tai foi utilizado pela primeira vez no jūdō por Michigami Haku enquanto ensinava em Xangai na década de 1940. Após a sua chegada a França, em 1953, o conceito foi introduzido e distribuído no mundo do jūdō ocidental. No entanto, Michigami não foi o autor original. Foi na ilha de Kyūshū, de onde veio Michigami, que o termo shin-gi-tai parece ter sido utilizado pela primeira vez no Heihō shingitai oboegaki [Memorando sobre artes militares e mente-técnica-corpo], um texto da autoria de Toyoda Masanaga, um espadachim Niten ichi-ryū heihō do século XVIII influenciado por Miyamoto Musashi. Um termo semelhante, shinkitai, entrou mais tarde no sumō através da família Yoshida, também ativa em Kyūshū, que se tornou responsável pela administração do sumō no final do período Meiji. Michigami quando jovem praticou kendō e sumō. Não existe qualquer ligação entre Kanō Jigorō e shin-gi-tai. Embora seja aceitável utilizar o shin-gi-tai ou qualquer outro meme legítimo no treino de atletas, afirmar que representa um princípio fundamental que orienta as promoções de classificação e a ética no jūdō não é mais do que uma reinvenção histórica sem qualquer fundamento.

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Biografias Autor

David B. Waterhouse, Department of East Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto

David B. Waterhouse† (1936-2017) was a Full Professor of Japanese Studies at the Department of East Asian Studies of the University of Toronto from 1975 to 2002. Since then, he had been an Emeritus Professor until his passing. A graduate in pianoforte from the Royal Academy of Music in London, and in Western Classics, Moral Sciences and Oriental Studies from Cambridge University, David started his professional career at the British Museum. He was a Senior Member of University College, an Honorary Research Associate of the Royal Ontario Museum’s Far Eastern Department since 1969, and a former Adjunct Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at McMaster University. David published on a wide variety of topics and had special expertise on the 18^th century Japanese woodblock print artist Suzuki Harunobu 鈴木春信 (1724-1770), about whom in 2013 he produced a seminal work entitled “The Harunobu Decade”, published with Koninklijke Brill N.V. In 1990 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC), and also was a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society (FRAS). He was a 2017 recipient of the Order of the Rising Sun 3^rd Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, awarded to him by Emperor Akihito of Japan, and held the jūdō rank of 4^th dan from both Judo Canada and the Kōdōkan Jūdō Institute in Tōkyō. David passed away on Thursday, November 16^th, 2017, aged 81 years. E-mail: not applicable.

Carl De Crée, Ghent University

Carl De Crée is a Full Professor of Medicine (Exercise Endocrinology & Sports Medicine) and a university executive administrator. In addition, he also is a senior scholar in Chinese and Japanese Studies and has conducted research on jūdō since 1981. He is a graduate of the first cohort of the University or Rome’s unique Master’s degree program in Jūdō, and one of only a few jūdō-experts holding the European Judo Union Level-6 Specialized Judo Teacher & High-Performance Coach qualification. He also holds double Trainer-A qualifications in both jūdō and jūjutsu from the Flemish Trainer School, and an International Judo Coach qualification and a Judo Master Teacher Class A Certificate from USA Judo. He has previously resided in Japan and has studied jūdō with, inter alia, the late Felix De Smedt, Marcel Clause, Hirano Tokio, Fukuda Keiko, Imamura Haruo, Abe Ichirō, Daigo Toshirō, and Ōsawa Yoshimi, and with Ashida Kunio, Kurimura Yōji, Ochiai Toshiyasu, Okano Isao, Tokuyama Misao, and Tsuji Yoshimi. He holds an 8^th dan black belt in jūdō and the title of kyōshi. He is a former student in the Inoue Keitarō-lineage of Tenjin Shin’yō-ryū jūjutsu under the late Tobari Kazu-shihan, and the first and only non-Japanese ever to hold menkyo in Kitō-ryū. E-mail: prof.cdecree@earthlink.net

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