Nanatsu-no-kata, Endo-no-kata, and Joge-no-kata ―A pedagogical and qualitative biomechanical evaluation of Hirano Tokio’s kuzushi (unbalancing) concept as part of skill acquisition for throwing techniques in Kodokan judo

Carl De Crée

doi:10.18002/rama.v9i2.1162

Autores/as

Carl De Crée Ghent University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v9i2.1162

Palabras clave:

Hidrodinámica, Jigoro Kano, judo, kata, kuzushi, cinemática, artes marciales

Agencias Financiadoras:

Professor Attilio Sacripanti, PhD, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Mori Osamu, Hirano Kiyo, Dr. Llyr C. Jones, Drs. ir. Stijn Coertjens, MEng, Department of Chemical Engineering (CIT), Catholic University of Leuven.

Resumen

Hirano Tokio (1922-1993) fue un talentoso campeón de judo que desarrolló su propia aproximación pedagógica a la enseñanza y a la práctica del kuzushi (desequilibrio) y del tsukuri (preparación), dos habilidades decisivas para la aplicación exitosa de las proyecciones de judo. En su enfoque, Hirano enfatiza la utilización de un desequilibrio rotacional precedido de movimientos estratégicos que imitan olas de agua. Hasta la fecha aún no se ha realizado un análisis biomecánico del sistema de olas de Hirano. El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una visión detallada del método didáctico de Hirano, compararlo con las enseñanzas tradicionales del Kodokan, y evaluar sus bases biomecánicas. El modelado de la dinámica de los fluidos en los diversos tipos de olas propuestas por Hirano es matemáticamente complicado y se fundamenta en gran medida en las ecuaciones diferenciales de Boussinesq. Debido a la implicación de numerosos parámetros en la determinación del comportamiento hidrodinámico del agua (profundidad, frecuencia de las olas, altura, temperaturas, corrientes, forma de la línea costera, densidad del agua, viento), los cuales están ausentes en el entorno de dos judoka en movimiento bajo techo sobre un tatami, el sistema de Hirano parece estar limitado a una mera visualización y a una interpretación metafísica del judo. La ausencia de datos empíricos y experimentales obtenidos en grupos numerosos de estudiantes entrenados de acuerdo al método de Hirano imposibilita concluir si este facilita la adquisición de las habilidades del kuzushi y del tsukuri. En último término el kuzushi/tsukuri de Hirano, basado en olas, no modifica el análisis biomecánico propuesto por Sacripanti, ya que de lo que se sigue tratando es de acciones generales invariantes orientadas a reducir la distancia entre ambos oponentes, romper la simetría del oponente, y aplicar una de las infinitas opciones para lograrlo.

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Biografía del autor/a

Carl De Crée, Ghent University

Author's biographical data

Carl De Crée is a Senior Research Professor in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, who at the time this manuscript was written, was affiliated with the University of Rome. Currently at Ghent University, Belgium, he is also a senior scholar in Chinese and Japanese Studies, which he efficiently combines with his expertise as an exercise physiologist and sports medicine specialist. Having conducted research on judo since 1981, he has established a reputation as one of the foremost judo scholars. He is one of only a few technical judo-experts holding an EJU Level-6 Specialized Judo Teacher & High-Performance Coach qualification and a Master’s degree in judo from the University or Rome. He also holds a Trainer-A in judo qualification from the Flemish Trainer School, an International Judo Coach qualification and a Judo Master Teacher Class A Certificate from the United States Judo, Inc. He is research-active in all aspects of judo including medical, physiological, historical, philosophical, technical, nutritional, and pedagogical. He is a former international judo competitor and his expertise has been sought by world elite-class judo athletes. He currently holds a 7^th dan black belt in judo and the title of kyoshi, and is the Instructor-in-Chief of the Royal Judo & Karate Academy Bushido-Kwai Mechlin, Belgium’s oldest judo club.

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